Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a unique platform for a variety of biotechnological systems. Their compact design allows for {highproductivity and ideal process parameters. The characteristics of the hollow fibers facilitates exchange between the bioreactor's interior and the external flu

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising solution for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a detailed performance evaluation of PVDF membrane biorea